Under Construction…
Under his regime, pleasure extracted from police violence against women:
UPDATE: Article published March 13 2026 by an Israeli historian [2]. This does explain the current unconditional support for Israel by Mr. Merz namely Germany has developed, at arms length, nuclear weaponry off its land in Israel.
The report claimed that between 1961 and 1973, the government in Bonn transferred 140 million to 160 million German marks annually to Israel through a secret loan mechanism.
In total, the funding is estimated at nearly 2 billion marks, equivalent to roughly €5 billion (over $5.7 billion) today. A later repayment agreement signed in 1989 reportedly turned the loan, in practice, into a grant.
If accurate, this would mean that a substantial part of Israel’s nuclear project was financed not by Israeli taxpayers or private donors, but by German public funds, it argued.
1960 meeting seen as turning point
The most important breakthrough came on March 14, 1960, when Ben-Gurion and Adenauer met at the Waldorf Astoria hotel in New York.
Fig. Konrad Adenauer and David Ben-Gurion.
‘Negev development’ as cover
While German military assistance drew attention, the more significant component was a covert financial arrangement reportedly described as aid for “Negev development.”
The plan was given the code name Aktion Geschaftsfreund (“Operation Business Friend”) by Adenauer’s office. Under the arrangement, Israel was to receive $50 million annually for 10 years, at an interest rate of 3.6%.
Although Bonn initially expected the arrangement to begin only after reparations payments ended in 1965, Israel pushed for earlier implementation. The first transfer was eventually made in December 1961.
Because secrecy was considered essential, no formal treaty was signed. Instead, Israel’s representative at the time, Felix Shinnar, and Adenauer adviser Hermann Abs reportedly created a mechanism in which the funds were transferred as commercial-style loans through a state-owned development bank in Frankfurt, Germany.
To conceal the purpose of the payments, the transfers were reportedly described in official paperwork as financial arrangements linked to bilateral agreements with unnamed developing countries. Germany’s economy and finance ministers approved the mechanism, while the foreign minister was reportedly kept uninformed, the report said.
[1] Historical Clues Indicate: Germany Secretly Funded Israel's Nuclear Program - Israel Security